I also ran into a "database error" during my upgrade, I will share my problem/resolution & hopefully it helps..
I have a dedicated server, so most of the time I SFTP using my root Acct. At times the old files don't get replaced as expected when I use the site Acct to transfer files using Filezilla. However, since I use root Acct, all the files I transfer using root Acct will have OWNER as root. This time I forgot to change the OWNER back to the site user, and as result I got the "database error".
> And here is what I did to fix it:
chown -R siteuser:siteuser /home/siteuser/public_html/*
Also, make sure to remove the .hsaccess from folder /upgrade before you perform your upgrade
> Lastly, if you have ssh access to your site, follow these steps:
1. SFTP the full upgrade file to your site host (don't extract it yet)
2. Using Putty, access the patch file you just uploaded and extract it in a /tmp folder
3. cp -rf /tmp/patch730/* /home/siteuser/public_html/
This method will make sure all the old files get replaced accordingly. I had some issues with Filezilla not replacing my old files when I login as a regular user, but Filezilla appears to work fine when I use root Acct to transfer files. So, steps above may work for your if you don't have root access to your site.
Good luck !